By taking out whole links. The jeweller cuts one link through its seam, works it free of the two links it nests into, removes as many links as are needed, and closes the cut link around its new neighbour with solder.
The joint is then rounded and polished to match the rest, and on a solid Cuban it is strong and hard to find. Since every link is identical there is no pattern to preserve, and the cut can be made anywhere along the run.
A Cuban can be lengthened the same way, by soldering in links of the same width, gauge and finish. The clasp is left in place unless it too is being changed.